CapseraInfectious disease
21 source-linked study cards in this body system.
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Drug classes in this body system
How each medicine works
Medicines in this body system: 21 · in a drug class: 9 · drug classes: 4
| Amoxicillin — Interferes with bacterial cell-wall formation, killing susceptible organisms while they are actively multiplying. |
| Azithromycin — Binds to the bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit and interrupts protein synthesis. |
| Amoxicillin / Clavulanate — Amoxicillin has bactericidal activity against susceptible bacteria. Clavulanate inactivates some beta-lactamases, protecting amoxicillin from those enzymes and extending its antibacterial spectrum. |
| Doxycycline — Binds the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibits bacterial protein synthesis; bacteriostatic against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. |
| Cephalexin — Disrupts bacterial cell-wall synthesis, producing a bactericidal effect against susceptible organisms. |
| Nirmatrelvir / Ritonavir — Nirmatrelvir inhibits SARS-CoV-2 main protease (3CLpro); ritonavir inhibits CYP3A metabolism of nirmatrelvir, raising its levels. |
| Sulfamethoxazole / Trimethoprim — Blocks sequential bacterial folate pathways: sulfamethoxazole competes with PABA to inhibit dihydrofolic-acid synthesis, while trimethoprim reversibly inhibits dihydrofolate reductase and tetrahydrofolic-acid production. |
| Valacyclovir — Deoxynucleoside analogue DNA polymerase inhibitor; antiviral active against alpha-herpes viruses. |
| Cefdinir — Cephalosporin (beta-lactam) antibacterial; inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. |
| Nitrofurantoin — Reduced by bacterial flavoproteins to reactive intermediates that damage ribosomal proteins and inhibit protein, DNA, RNA and cell wall synthesis. |
| Fluconazole — Selectively inhibits fungal CYP450 lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase, blocking ergosterol synthesis (fungistatic). |
| Ciprofloxacin — Inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV, disrupting processes required for bacterial DNA replication and maintenance. |
| Clindamycin phosphate — Binds the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibits bacterial protein synthesis; bacteriostatic. |
| Metronidazole — In susceptible anaerobic bacteria, metronidazole is reduced to reactive intermediates that can inhibit DNA synthesis and degrade DNA, leading to bacterial death. Its precise mechanism of action is unclear. |
| Acyclovir — Purine nucleoside analog activated by viral thymidine kinase; the triphosphate inhibits herpesvirus DNA polymerase. |
| Levofloxacin — Fluoroquinolone antibacterial active against designated susceptible bacteria. |
| Penicillin V potassium — Bactericidal during active multiplication by inhibiting cell-wall mucopeptide synthesis; inactive against penicillinase producers. |
| Oseltamivir — Influenza neuraminidase inhibitor with antiviral activity against influenza virus. |
| Terbinafine — Allylamine antifungal agent used orally against dermatophyte nail infection. |
| Cefuroxime — Cephalosporin (beta-lactam) antibacterial. |
| Emtricitabine / Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate — Fixed-dose HIV-1 reverse-transcriptase inhibitor combination: emtricitabine is a nucleoside analog; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is converted to the nucleotide analog tenofovir. |
Each summary is the mechanism line from the medicine’s study card.
Listed most often on cards in this body system
Common side effects
Nausea · 17/21: Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, Amoxicillin / Clavulanate, Doxycycline, Cephalexin, Sulfamethoxazole / Trimethoprim, Valacyclovir, Cefdinir, Fluconazole, Ciprofloxacin (+7)
Diarrhea · 14/21: Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, Doxycycline, Cephalexin, Nirmatrelvir / Ritonavir, Cefdinir, Fluconazole, Ciprofloxacin, Acyclovir, Levofloxacin (+4)
Vomiting · 11/21: Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, Amoxicillin / Clavulanate, Doxycycline, Cephalexin, Sulfamethoxazole / Trimethoprim, Ciprofloxacin, Clindamycin phosphate, Acyclovir, Penicillin V potassium (+1)
Headache · 9/21: Valacyclovir, Cefdinir, Fluconazole, Metronidazole (oral), Acyclovir, Levofloxacin, Oseltamivir, Terbinafine, Emtricitabine / Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate
Abdominal pain · 6/21: Azithromycin, Cephalexin, Valacyclovir, Cefdinir, Fluconazole, Clindamycin phosphate
Rash · 4/21: Amoxicillin, Sulfamethoxazole / Trimethoprim, Ciprofloxacin, Terbinafine
Dyspepsia · 3/21: Cephalexin, Fluconazole, Terbinafine
Warnings
C. difficile-associated diarrhea · 7/21: Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin / Clavulanate, Doxycycline, Cephalexin, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Cefuroxime
Hepatotoxicity · 4/21: Azithromycin, Nirmatrelvir / Ritonavir, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin
Interactions
Probenecid · 6/21: Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin / Clavulanate, Cephalexin, Cefdinir, Acyclovir, Cefuroxime
Warfarin · 3/21: Azithromycin, Metronidazole (oral), Levofloxacin
Boxed warning
6/21: Nirmatrelvir / Ritonavir, Ciprofloxacin, Clindamycin phosphate, Metronidazole (oral), Levofloxacin, Emtricitabine / Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate
An item counts as shared only when both cards use the same wording. If a card does not list an item, that is not a statement that the effect never occurs.