CapseraOpioid analgesics
Compare the named medicines in this source-linked class directory.
Membership describes a named action or a component of a combination. A medicine may appear in several families. Medicines in one family are not automatically interchangeable; this is a study directory, not a prescribing guide.
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Combination: membership refers to the relevant component.
Combination: membership refers to the relevant component.
Combination: membership refers to the relevant component.
Generic names and pronunciation
| Hydrocodone · hye-droe-KOE-done |
| Acetaminophen · a-seet-a-MIN-oh-fen |
| Oxycodone · ox-i-KOE-done |
| Tramadol · TRAM-a-dol |
| Codeine · KOE-deen |
| Morphine · MOR-feen |
Pronunciation is shown for the US English generic name.
Body system and related classes
Body system: Pain
How each medicine works
| Hydrocodone / Acetaminophen — Hydrocodone is a full opioid agonist with relative mu-receptor selectivity. Although its analgesia has no defined ceiling, respiratory and CNS adverse effects limit dosing. Acetaminophen has a separate analgesic action thought to involve central pathways; its precise mechanism is not established. |
| Oxycodone — A full opioid agonist with relative mu-receptor selectivity and analgesic activity. Although there is no defined ceiling for analgesia, respiratory and CNS adverse effects limit dosing. |
| Tramadol — Binds mu-opioid receptors and weakly inhibits reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin; metabolite M1 is a more potent mu agonist. |
| Oxycodone / Acetaminophen — Oxycodone is a full opioid agonist with relative mu-receptor selectivity; its analgesic action involves CNS opioid receptors. Although analgesia has no fixed ceiling, clinical dosing is limited by toxicity including respiratory/CNS depression. Acetaminophen has an unestablished analgesic mechanism thought to involve central actions. |
| Acetaminophen / Codeine — Codeine is a mu-opioid agonist with weaker receptor affinity than morphine. Conversion to morphine may explain its analgesia, but the exact mechanism is unknown. Acetaminophen’s analgesic mechanism is not established and is thought to involve central actions. |
| Morphine — Full opioid agonist relatively selective for mu receptors. There is no ceiling for analgesia, but respiratory and CNS depression limit dosing; the precise analgesic mechanism is unknown. |
Each summary is the mechanism line from the medicine’s study card.
What each medicine is used for
| Hydrocodone / Acetaminophen — Pain severe enough to require an opioid when alternative treatments are inadequate |
| Oxycodone — Pain severe enough to require an opioid in adults when alternative treatments are inadequate |
| Tramadol — Severe, persistent pain in adults requiring an opioid when other options, including immediate-release opioids, cannot provide adequate control |
| Oxycodone / Acetaminophen — Pain severe enough to require an opioid analgesic when alternative treatments are inadequate |
| Acetaminophen / Codeine — Mild-to-moderate pain when an opioid is appropriate and alternative treatments are inadequate |
| Morphine — Pain severe enough to require an opioid in adults when alternative treatments are inadequate, for the cited injection |
Each list is the uses line from the medicine’s study card.
Telling these medicines apart
Medicines in this class: 6 · single-ingredient: 3 · combination products: 3
Listed on more than one card in this class
Common side effects
Nausea · 5/6: Hydrocodone / Acetaminophen, Oxycodone, Tramadol, Oxycodone / Acetaminophen, Morphine
Vomiting · 4/6: Hydrocodone / Acetaminophen, Oxycodone, Oxycodone / Acetaminophen, Morphine
Constipation · 4/6: Oxycodone, Tramadol, Acetaminophen / Codeine, Morphine
Dizziness · 3/6: Hydrocodone / Acetaminophen, Tramadol, Oxycodone / Acetaminophen
Sedation · 2/6: Hydrocodone / Acetaminophen, Morphine
Headache · 2/6: Oxycodone, Tramadol
Warnings
Significant respiratory depression is a contraindication · 2/6: Hydrocodone / Acetaminophen, Acetaminophen / Codeine
Adrenal insufficiency · 2/6: Oxycodone, Morphine
Interactions
Benzodiazepines / CNS depressants · 5/6: Hydrocodone / Acetaminophen, Oxycodone, Tramadol, Oxycodone / Acetaminophen, Morphine
CYP3A4 inhibitors · 3/6: Hydrocodone / Acetaminophen, Oxycodone, Acetaminophen / Codeine
CYP2D6 inhibitors · 2/6: Tramadol, Acetaminophen / Codeine
Boxed warning
6/6: Hydrocodone / Acetaminophen, Oxycodone, Tramadol, Oxycodone / Acetaminophen, Acetaminophen / Codeine, Morphine
An item counts as shared only when both cards use the same wording. If a card does not list an item, that is not a statement that the effect never occurs.